The pandemic has highlighted poor care in America's nursing homes, where nearly 175,000 people have died of COVID-19 — a third of all deaths in the country.
Even before the pandemic, advocates pointed to dangerous conditions in U.S. nursing homes, including staffing shortages and infection control failures. Many nursing homes didn't provide quality care, they charged, and studies have found that homes owned by for-profit entities racked up more deficiencies and had lower staffing levels, compared to non-profit facilities. And as the number of for-profit nursing home chains has increased, advocates say states aren't doing enough to vet nursing home owners.
California is home to about 1,200 nursing homes. Those facilities care for 100,000 nursing home patients — the biggest nursing home population of any state. For those fragile and vulnerable residents, the situation is fraught: Under state regulations, a KPCC investigation found nursing home operators can continue running facilities even after they've been denied a license to do so by the state.
Cynthia Carrillo learned about this obscure regulatory loophole after the tragic death of her older brother David, who caught COVID-19 while living in a Southern California nursing home. Carrillo, 58, lives in Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
David had Down syndrome, and until late 2019 he lived with Cynthia and her family. On Christmas Day in 2019, Cynthia noticed that David wasn't acting like himself.
"He was kind of yelling, screaming. And we're like, OK, something's wrong," Cynthia recalls. She says David was afraid to walk down the stairs in their house. Fearful that her brother was having a medical emergency, she took him to a nearby hospital. There, she says, a doctor told her he was developing dementia.
After being discharged, David went to a nursing home called Villa Mesa Care Center. It was supposed to be a temporary place for him to stay while Cynthia looked for a single-story home without stairs, so they could bring back David to live with them so they could bring back David to live with them. "It was very difficult to leave him and go home. So our goal was to be able to get him out as quick as we could," she says.
Cynthia visited every day, but she says she watched his condition deteriorate. She says before arriving at Villa Mesa, David walked regularly, but that after moving to the nursing home, she noticed he was frequently in a wheelchair, and he wasn't moving around much. In a lawsuit she has since filed against the nursing home, Cynthia claimed that staff admitted to giving him a psychotropic drug she didn't OK, which made him drowsy.
By March 2020, Cynthia had decided to place David in a group home — another temporary fix while she continued her house search. Then the pandemic hit. David remained at Villa Mesa. When Cynthia went to see him on March 30, she was only allowed to visit through a window. She says there was a sign on the door saying that no one should enter without a mask, and yet staff members in the room weren't wearing masks.
"It was very hard for us to see that and to see the staff walking around like nothing was going on, you know, regarding the pandemic," Cynthia says.
Ten days later, she was awaked after midnight by a phone call. It was the hospital across the street from the nursing home. David was in respiratory distress, and needed to be intubated. The doctor told her he was coherent, but Cynthia couldn't visit her brother. "I couldn't be there with him, to even let him know everything would be OK," she recalls. She still cries at the memory of that night. "He was probably wondering where I was."
David Carrillo died a week later from COVID-19, on April 17, 2020. He was 65.
Since the pandemic began, at least 23 residents at Villa Mesa, a 99-bed facility, have died from the virus, according to federal data.
Cynthia still can't drive by the building without getting upset. "There's just too much," she says. "I get angry, I get frustrated."
A troubled chain seeks to grow
According to state records reviewed by KPCC, Villa Mesa Care Center is connected to a business called ReNew Health. Across California, KPCC found there are at least 26 facilities connected to ReNew and ReNew's owner, Crystal Solorzano — they stretch from Orange County to the agricultural Central Valley, and as far north as the San Francisco Bay Area. Solorzano owns, or is applying to own, the majority of them; at 5 of the nursing homes, including Villa Mesa, ReNew has been involved in management or in administration.
Last April, the California Department of Public Health denied ReNew Health's owner, Crystal Solorzano, licenses for nine nursing homes she had applied to take over.
Villa Mesa was not one of the nine homes. But Cynthia says it's still troubling.
"I think [the state] should be able to close it, close them down completely," she says.
According to California regulations, Solorzano's businesses can still operate the nine facilities despite the license denials.
"The approval process, the licensure process is a farce," says Tony Chicotel, an attorney with the California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform. He explains that nursing home owners can take over existing facilities without first getting a license from the state, as long as they submit a license application. Those applications can take years to be processed by state authorities.
"It's a really bizarre, completely exploited process," Chicotel said.
In its license denial letters to Crystal Solorzano, California's Department of Public Health said it based that decision on a long record of violations at her nursing homes.
At one facility, a patient with schizophrenia was inappropriately discharged, and then went missing for two weeks, before being found unconscious in a park, underneath his wheelchair, according to the state. At another, a nursing assistant was charged with raping a 52-year old woman who had mental health conditions.
The later incident was classified as an 'Immediate Jeopardy', the federal government's term for a situation so dire that regulators determine it "caused, or is likely to cause, serious injury, harm, impairment, or death to a resident."
The facilities connected to ReNew and Solorzano provide care for one in 50 of the state's nursing home residents, but they are responsible for nearly one in 10 Immediate Jeopardies in California since 2019, according to KPCC's analysis. Immediate Jeopardies are the most severe deficiency a nursing home can receive from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
In addition to considering quality of care, regulators who review change of ownership applications also determine whether an "applicant is of reputable and responsible character." They found Solorzano lacking. According to the denial letters, the Department's review "revealed that in or around July 2008, you submitted fraudulent documents to obtain your nursing home administrator license," specifically a fraudulent college transcript from Touro College.
Staff at both Touro College and Touro University confirmed that Solorzano had not received a degree from their institutions.
California's licensing process
The situation calls into question the state's ability to ensure nursing home operators provide quality care.
"California has, in a sense, rolled out the red carpet for bad providers," argues Tony Chicotel. "You can get in the building, you can be a squatter, and they can't get you out."
In a statement, a ReNew spokesperson wrote "Ms. Solorzano is fully qualified to own and operate nursing homes, and in fact has specialized in acquiring troubled facilities and turning them around to preserve and maintain critical bed space that would have otherwise been unavailable during the pandemic."
The statement went on to say that "Solorzano's only focus is maintaining the health and safety of our employees and residents" and added that during the pandemic "facilities continue to follow infection prevention protocols to protect the health and wellbeing of our residents and staff."
The statement did not respond to the violations mentioned in the state's denial letter or the college transcript that CDPH said is fraudulent, although KPCC raised both in a letter to Solorzano and ReNew.
It also didn't address a series of Instagram stories Solorzano shared that promoted misinformation about coronavirus vaccines, including one that said in its description "the COVID vaccine should be avoided at all costs."
Nearly 200 people have died of COVID-19 in facilities connected to ReNew, according to federal data.
The beds in facilities like these will be needed as California's population ages. Demand for nursing home beds is expected to soar by 2030. When a nursing home has to be shut down, the process can be extremely disruptive for vulnerable patients, and it can be difficult finding them new places to live.
Here's how the California Department of Public Health explains the licensing process: The agency says new owners can enter management agreements with the previous ones while the new owners' license applications are pending. Most applications are approved.
But when CDPH denies them — as they did with the nine of Solorzano's — the aspiring owners can continue running the facilities even after the denial, so long as they appeal. The appeal process can then drag on for years.
Advocates are calling for more transparency when nursing homes switch hands. Currently, nursing home owners can acquire facilities without first telling the state. One fix? Making nursing home owners obtain a license first before operating a facility, and giving the public an opportunity to comment on any change of ownership applications.
One recently-introduced bill in California would do just that: require nursing home owners to get licensed before taking over a facility.
The legislation is authored by California Assemblymember Al Muratsuchi, a Democrat from coastal Southern California. "For these bad actors to be able to continue to operate without a license, and with a record of past abuses, is simply not acceptable," Muratsuchi says. "The current system is broken. And we need to fix it."
Mark Reagan, general counsel for the nursing home industry group California Association of Health Facilities, takes a different view. "At the end of the day, I don't think that patient care is being compromised," he says. Just because an application is rejected, Reagan says, doesn't mean the state forfeits its regulatory tools. Reagan argues that the slowness of the ownership-change process creates headaches and uncertainty for owners — even with the vast majority of applications that are approved.
The bill to overhaul the licensing process has been pushed back to 2022.
'States aren't doing a good job'
Nursing home regulation — and payment — is split between the federal government and states. Almost all nursing homes receive some federal reimbursements, and therefore must meet federal requirements, which are overseen by state inspectors. The federal certification process makes payments to nursing homes possible, but states serve as gatekeepers because they grant the actual licenses needed to own and operate nursing homes. And the criteria for licensure varies from state to state.
Advocates and researchers say the licensing process can have life-and-death implications in all 50 states. One problem involves the consolidation of the industry, and the growth of nursing home chains, which can operate across several state lines. That complicates the work of state health departments. So does the complex web of LLCs and other corporate entities that make up the modern nursing home business. The corporate webs make it difficult for patient families and even regulators to figure out who's responsible.
"The growing sophistication of the nursing home industry has enabled some owners to leverage and direct assets in a manner that maximizes profits without meaningful accountability for nursing home quality," according to a March 2020 report from the Long Term Care Community Coalition.
Richard Mollot is the coalition's executive director. He says it's time for the federal agency that oversees nursing homes, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, to step in. "There's really no federal involvement here. And there clearly needs to be because the states aren't doing a good job of handling it," he says.
Mollot wants the federal government to create clear standards for vetting nursing home operators, rather than leaving the states in charge. "Those rules are so important," he says. "Literally, residents' lives depend upon it."
Additional oversight is especially needed as new investors move into the nursing home industry, says University of California San Francisco professor emeritus Charlene Harrington. "Many of the owners are private equity companies, they're real estate companies. They have no expertise in nursing homes," she says.
A 2021 study found that mortality increased in nursing homes after private equity firms took over operations. Harrington has written that CMS does not have accurate or complete data on nursing home ownership, and that federal regulators should increase oversight of nursing home chains, rather than focusing on individual facilities.
Since being denied licenses to take over nine nursing homes in 2020, ReNew Health's owner Crystal Solorzano has applied to take over another facility in California. Her appeals to take over the nine nursing homes are still pending, with a hearing set for July. A hearing over her nursing home administrator license, which the California Department of Public Health is also seeking to revoke, has not been set.
At Villa Mesa, where David Carrillo stayed before he died of COVID-19, ReNew Health continued to provide services. David's grieving sister finds that hard to take.
"They don't deserve to manage. Not at all," Carrillo says.
The facility received two Immediate Jeopardy violations in October 2020.
Carrillo's wrongful death lawsuit against the nursing facility was filed in December 2020. The case is pending.
This story was produced as part of NPR's health reporting partnership with KPCC and Kaiser Health News.
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